The Hakai Institute is a pillar of scientific research, cross-border collaborations, and long-term oceanic observations along the coast of British Columbia. Areas of research include topics as diverse as archaeology, oceanography, biology, and earth and atmospheric sciences, just to name a few. Their website also hosts an impressive collection of research databases, real-time data, interactive maps, and educational blogs and videos that offer glimpses into its many ongoing scientific pursuits. Ocean acidification (OA) has been a growing research focus in recent years, with several ongoing initiatives to study the biological and oceanographic aspects of OA in the Pacific Northwest. The list of Hakai Institute research products that have been produced thus far is impressive, and the future for OA research from the Institute is only growing. In 2018, we featured the Burke-o-lator, a machine used to collect multiple parameters of carbonate chemistry data important to the study of OA. For example, the data can be used to calculate the seawater saturation state of carbonates in seawater (calcite and aragonite), indicating how corrosive seawater is for shell-building organisms like oysters. Since that time, other exciting developments include the deployment of new sensors and a buoy to monitor carbonate chemistry in the Pacific Northwest, partnerships with groups in Alaska to use a ferry to collect seawater chemistry data, and the development of a state-of-the-art OA experimental laboratory on Quadra Island, the Marna Lab, that allows researchers to test the biological and ecological impacts of OA, such as measuring shellfish survival, growth, calcification rates, reproductive success, etc. There are also several ongoing projects investigating how shellfish respond to OA stress and other climate change factors on a molecular (genetic) level (co-led by OA CoP Co-Lead, Dr. Helen Gurney-Smith). These projects are essential to protect and produce more resilient aquaculture species in the future. We spoke with Hakai Institute scientists, Dr. Iria Giménez and Dr. Wiley Evans, who gave us a window into some of the exciting OA projects currently underway at the Institute. One of the Institute’s most recent, cutting-edge advances integrates ocean observation data into biological studies to create highly-realistic future ocean conditions for laboratory experiments on critical shellfish resources. Dr. Wiley Evans, the OA program manager and chemical oceanographer, and Katie Pocock, the OA lab manager, led a project to deploy sensors in Pendrell Sound, providing a detailed ocean chemistry dataset that is used to estimate the variability in ocean conditions expected in the area for the year 2050. These water conditions are then recreated in the lab, creating a more realistic experimental approach where Dr. Iria Giménez, Hakai and UBC Postdoctoral Fellow and OA biology and instrumentation expert, is determining how shellfish will fair in Pendrell Sound 30 years from now. 2050 is an important upcoming milestone for the future of climate action and carbon dioxide emissions. It is in the outer range of when we expect to reach 1.5 oC warming if we achieve net-zero emissions, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Global Warming of 1.5 oC special report. It is also the year where atmospheric emission trajectories start to diverge, depending on the measures we take now to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Coincidentally, the B.C. Climate Risk Assessment report also focuses on the 2050s (2040 – 2059). Pendrell Sound isn’t just a randomly selected site, either. Nestled in the Discovery Islands (East Redonda Island) off mainland B.C., this small sound is one of only two places in the Pacific northwest with consistent natural reproductive (recruitment) events, leading to reliable wild populations of the Pacific/Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas – the other location being Willapa Bay, Washington. Pacific oysters, arguably the most important B.C. aquaculture species, are native to Japan, with many operators relying on hatchery produced “seed” (the industry term for small juvenile shellfish). The waters of Pendrell Sound are slightly warmer than surrounding bodies of water, allowing for consistent yearly recruitment of wild juvenile (seed) Pacific oysters that are not usually tolerant of B.C.’s cold waters. Importantly for the shellfish industry, this means that aquaculture operators can locally source wild seed from companies in Pendrell Sound, such as Aphrodite’s Garden Oyster Company. But, shell-building animals like the Pacific oyster, as well as other commercially important aquaculture and wild fishery species such as mussels, scallops, and clams, are expected to be highly vulnerable to continued OA. Already along the west coast of Canada and the U.S., shellfish larvae have experienced massive die-off events since as early as 2007, leading to repeated, devastating financial losses for the industry. The main cause is corrosive water conditions from natural upwelling events potentially being exacerbated by decreases in ocean pH due to OA. Shellfish aquaculture operators, fishermen, and scientists alike are therefore trying to determine how shellfish (including non-commercial, native species) are affected by OA to prevent further impacts of OA, protect coastal ecosystems, and create a more resilient shellfish industry. One question on everyone’s mind is: faced with the continuing threat of climate change, including OA, how healthy will these wild populations of Pacific oysters in Pendrell Sound be in the future? Will wild seed sources still be a viable option for shellfish farmers in 2050? Conveniently, Hakai scientists were well-poised to answer these questions. Firstly, Dr. Evans and collaborators had previously established a partnership with Aphrodite’s Garden Oyster Co. to deploy sensors on the company’s aquaculture rafts. These sensors measured the water chemistry of Pendrell Sound every 30 minutes from April to October, and ground-truthed with discrete measurements of seawater CO2 content. By including these high-frequency sensor observation datasets, there is really dense, highly accurate data for predicting what conditions and variability will be like in 2050. Secondly, the Marna Lab has state-of-the art experimental systems that allow tight control over water conditions, meaning these future water conditions, including natural seasonal variability, can be recreated in the lab. The system used for this project consists of a series of mesocosm tanks, large 350 L tanks each with independent control of temperature and pH. Carbon dioxide is bubbled into the water in tightly controlled amounts, allowing for precise manipulation of seawater of pH in each of the tanks. For the biological experiments, the first question Dr. Giménez wants to address is: Do adult oysters exposed to stressful ocean conditions produce tougher or weaker offspring? Dr. Giménez has conducted similar experiments on mussels, but having access to an observational dataset that includes seasonal variability data allows more accurate estimations of future conditions for specific areas like Pendrell Sound. There are two parts to the experiment tailored to match water conditions at specific times of the year that are important to an oyster’s lifecycle. First, Pacific oysters are collected from experimental rafts near the Marna lab and placed in experimental conditions that mimicked Pendrell Sound in 2050. The oysters are held for two months to capture their natural period of gametogenesis (formation of eggs and sperm). Once oyster gametes (eggs and sperm) are fully developed, they can be artificially induced to release these into the water column (a process called spawning) by changing the temperature of the water. The eggs and sperm are then collected and mixed. Immediately after fertilization, the second phase of the experiment then re-exposes the newly formed embryos to the appropriate seasonal conditions that they would naturally experience in Pendrell Sound, 2050, for about ten days. This question will be important to accurately gauge the future of wild Pacific oyster seed in Pendrell Sound. Merging oceanographic datasets with biological experiments is a novel and exciting avenue of producing more accurate research results with important real-world impacts. “Hakai’s culture of cross-collaboration and technical development allows us to be uniquely positioned to use high-frequency observational acidification data to inform the design of complex experiments that better reflect the dynamic conditions of coastal environments,” says Dr. Giménez. That is the thing with Hakai Institute – they’re constantly pushing the envelope. Every experimental implementation and sensor deployment builds on the last and adding something new. Collaborations between biologists and oceanographers, like Dr. Giménez and Dr. Evans, lead to innovative new experimental designs. Both Dr. Giménez and Dr. Evans agree that it creates a very fast-paced research environment. But it is this innovation and implementation that constantly produces cutting-edge research, putting the Hakai Institute at the forefront of ocean acidification research. Acknowledgments Thanks to Dr. Evans and Dr. Giménez for their time, suggestions, and helpful edits that shaped this article. Thanks also to Josh Silberg (Hakai Institute Science Communications Coordinator) for the pictures, videos, and list of blog posts/articles. Hakai OA Resources: From Hakai Institute Blog: Meet the Burke-o-Lator (Apr., 2016) A Swell to Quell the Dissolution of Shell (Oct., 2016) It's a Buoy (includes video - May, 2018) Introducing the Marna Lab (includes video – Oct., 2018) Crossing Ocean Borders (May, 2019) A Buoy's Winter Tune-Up (Feb., 2020) Do Mussels on Acid Produce Better Babies? (includes video – Apr., 2020) From Hakai Magazine (independent from Hakai Institute): The Shellfish Gene (May, 2017) An Alaskan Voyage to Track Ocean Acidification (Aug., 2019) From the OA CoP Blog: Burke-o-Lator allows measurement of multiple parameters of Ocean Acidification in real time (Nov., 2018) Publications: Visit https://www.hakai.org/publications/ for a list of publications on OA and other research produced by the Hakai Institute References: IPCC Special Report: Global Warming 1.5 oC IPCC Special Report: Emission Scenarios British Columbia Climate Risk Assessment Barton, A., G.G. Waldbusser, R.A. Feely, S.B. Weisberg, J.A. Newton, B. Hales, S. Cudd, B. Eudeline, C.J. Langdon, I. Jefferds, T. King, A. Suhrbier, and K. McLaughlin. 2015. Impacts of coastal acidification on the Pacific Northwest shellfish industry and adaptation strategies implemented in response. Oceanography 28(2):146–159, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.38.

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! OA Day of Action Tomorrow (Friday, Jan 8th)! To celebrate OA Day of Action, we're launching a new resource on our website featuring a map of Canada's OA resources! Please follow us on Twitter to see the launch of this new webpage tomorrow! There will be several other events held by partner groups to celebrate OA Day, including a Facebook Live event at 10 am PST hosted by The Ocean Foundation! The UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021 - 2030) From UNESCO: "The United Nations has proclaimed a Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) to support efforts to reverse the cycle of decline in ocean health and gather ocean stakeholders worldwide behind a common framework that will ensure ocean science can fully support countries in creating improved conditions for sustainable development of the Ocean." Read the full article here! Check out the Decade's website here! New OA Resources From the OA Alliance: UNFCCC Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue On December 2 - 3, 2020, the OA Alliance participated in the Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue. You can find a recap of their participation and associated resources here. "The OA Alliance has highlighted key takeaways from our official submission made to the Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue, which you can access here: “Ocean Acidification within UNFCCC Ocean Climate Dialogue (FINAL)."* *Cross posted from the OA Alliance In the News Shell shock: B.C.’s oyster industry hopes to weather climate change https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/09/18/news/shell-shock-bcs-oyster-industry-hopes-weather-climate-change Call for SDG 14.3.1 Indicator Data Submissions (Repeat post) The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO would like to invite all researchers and data managers to contribute to the second global ocean acidification data collection in relation to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14.3.1 Indicator: Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations. The Indicator is a milestone in the global recognition of ocean acidification as a stressor on marine ecosystems and of the importance of observing ocean acidification for the sustainable management of ocean resources. To facilitate data submission, storage and sharing, IOC has developed an online tool: the SDG 14.3.1 Data Portal. The full text of the SDG 14.3.1 Indicator Methodology, the associated data template, the metadata template and the metadata instruction file, as well as guidance on how to upload data can be found on the SDG 14.3.1 Data Portal website: https://oa.iode.org/ Data submitted by 15. January 2021 will be included in the 2021 UN SDG Report.* *Cross posted from the OA Info Exchange Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca!

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! New posts on our blog: Our Quarterly Newsletter (December, 2020): https://www.oceanacidification.ca/post/quarterly-newsletter-december-2020 Meet the CoP: New Coordinator, Kristina Barclay https://www.oceanacidification.ca/post/new-oa-cop-coordinator-kristina-barclay New OA Resources The GOA-ON in a Box instructional video series is now online! Videos are available in four languages, including English and French. Instructions include how to take discrete samples, how to measure alkalinity and pH from discrete samples, and how and why to use certified reference materials (CRMs). Find the YouTube video playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZaqBuOgZrE&list=PLkDCbxtte-tKWKyKAJhvAQt9ZzyQli7wz The UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021 - 2030) From UNESCO: "The United Nations has proclaimed a Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) to support efforts to reverse the cycle of decline in ocean health and gather ocean stakeholders worldwide behind a common framework that will ensure ocean science can fully support countries in creating improved conditions for sustainable development of the Ocean." Read the full article here! Check out the Decade's website here! New Paper of Interest Ahmed, Mohamed M. M., Brent G. T. Else, David Capelle, Lisa A. Miller, Tim Papakyriakou. 2020. Underestimation of surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes due to freshwater stratification in an Arctic shelf sea, Hudson Bay. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 8 (1): 084. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.084 Call for SDG 14.3.1 Indicator Data Submissions (From last week) The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO would like to invite all researchers and data managers to contribute to the second global ocean acidification data collection in relation to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14.3.1 Indicator: Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations. The Indicator is a milestone in the global recognition of ocean acidification as a stressor on marine ecosystems and of the importance of observing ocean acidification for the sustainable management of ocean resources. To facilitate data submission, storage and sharing, IOC has developed an online tool: the SDG 14.3.1 Data Portal. The full text of the SDG 14.3.1 Indicator Methodology, the associated data template, the metadata template and the metadata instruction file, as well as guidance on how to upload data can be found on the SDG 14.3.1 Data Portal website: https://oa.iode.org/ Data submitted by 15. January 2021 will be included in the 2021 UN SDG Report.* *Cross posted from the OA Info Exchange Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca!

Dr. Kristina Barclay joins the OA CoP as our new Coordinator and a Postdoctoral Associate with OA CoP Co-lead, Dr. Brent Else in the Geography Department at the University of Calgary. What is your background? I am an invertebrate palaeontologist, but I spend just as much time working on living animals as fossil ones! I am interested in the growing field of conservation palaeobiology (using palaeontological techniques and data to aid in current conservation efforts), so my research focuses on the intersection between modern ecology and palaeontology to make connections between the past and present. Most of my Ph.D. research examined how predation changes through time, and how human activity and climate change (OA) have, and might continue, to affect predator-prey relationships. I have a B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. from the University of Alberta where I’ve had the opportunity to study lots of different fossil animals, including dinosaurs and ancient Devonian brachiopods (animals with two shells, similar to clams), as well as modern creatures like snails and crabs. I also have a lot of experience in science outreach, communication, and public education, having worked at museums and science centres in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and volunteering for science education and outreach organizations like Time Scavengers (timescavengers.org) where I write geoscience blogs and serve on grant committees. What is your interest or background in OA? I am interested in how OA affects predator-prey relationships between shelly animals like snails and their shell-crushing crab predators. OA is expected to have negative consequences on animals with hard shells, as OA decreases the availability of shell-building materials like aragonite and calcite, making it harder for those animals to build and maintain their shells. Because animals like snails depend on their shells to protect them from shell-crushing predators, OA might make them more vulnerable to predation, which could cause shifts in the balance of ecosystems. The interesting thing about the fossil record is that OA has also occurred at several points in the past. If we understand how organisms are affected by OA, we can look for evidence of those effects in the fossil record, and then see how things play out ecologically over time, which might allow us to predict how OA will impact ecosystems in the not-so-distant future. Can you tell us about your past or current contributions to OA research? A lot of my OA research focuses on what happens to snail shells when they are exposed to low seawater pH over long periods of time, and what this means in terms of their ability to resist shell-crushing predation. I conducted a six-month long experiment growing two different snails under different pH conditions at Bodega Marine Laboratory (UC Davis). These two snails, the black turban snail (Tegula funebralis) and the purple dogwhelk (Nucella ostrina), are abundant members of intertidal ecosystems along the west coast of North America, and an important food sources for predators like crabs, but they construct their shells differently (the composition and microstructural crystal arrangement is different). I wanted to know how the shells of both species would be affected by OA, and if the differences in their shell properties would be important in terms of their vulnerability to shell-crushing predators like crabs under future OA. I found that the two species showed different responses to OA: Tegula funebralis was affected much more severely by OA, with shell growth and strength reduced by over 83% and 50%, respectively, whereas the growth of Nucella ostrina was unaffected, and shell strength was only reduced by 10% (Barclay et al. 2019). By using a microCT scanner and scanning electron microscope (SEM), I found that the outer-most part of the shells had started to dissolve, but that shell dissolution was more extensive in Tegula, which have shell crystals with more surface area for dissolution to occur than Nucella (Barclay et al. 2020). These results suggest that: (1) animals with hard shells like snails will likely become more vulnerable to shell-crushing predators with continued OA in the future, which will disrupt the balance of ecosystems, and (2) the microstructural arrangement of shell materials influences the extent of shell dissolution. Because molluscs, including aquaculturally important species like oysters, mussels, and scallops, have predictable shell types, my hope is that this research can be used to help determine which molluscs will be most vulnerable to OA. Why did you join the OA CoP steering committee? I applied for the Coordinator position not only because of my background and interest in OA, but because of my strong belief in science advocacy and the application of scientific knowledge for the betterment of society. The OA CoP has identified important research themes and brought together OA researchers and end-users across the country, and the sky is the limit for the future! I am eager to bring my experience and background in both OA research and science outreach and communication to this position to provide people across Canada with OA research, tools, resources, and a sense of community. By helping to continue to build the OA community in Canada, I hope that I can be a part of the solution to tackle our growing climate crisis. What do you see as the most pressing OA issue for Canadians? With the longest coastline in the world, and a very vulnerable arctic region, I think finding strategies to help coastal communities tackle and mitigate the effects of OA will be the biggest, but most important challenge. My research background in coastal biology means I think a lot about concerns over food security, and I think ensuring the sustainability of aquaculture and wild fisheries, and the stability of coastal ecosystems will be an important issue to address in the coming years and decades. What excites you most about the current or future of OA research in Canada? One thing I am learning in this role is that there are so many amazing collaborations happening across the country from universities to government to local groups. I think the OA CoP is uniquely positioned to help facilitate networks and conversations across these groups, while also providing services and identifying key needs of the OA community. I believe science is becoming an increasingly collaborative and community-based effort, and I am excited to see where the CoP can help take OA projects in Canada! What is the one take-home about OA that you wish all Canadians knew? I think it is important to recognize that even if global carbon dioxide emissions dropped to zero tomorrow, the ocean will continue to take up CO2 because the ocean is still a CO2 sink. This means that OA is going to be a growing challenge in the future no matter what because it will take a long time for the ocean and atmosphere to equilibrate. We as the OA CoP will have to continue to come together to provide innovative solutions to help tackle OA in the future, but I think we’re up for the challenge! Anything else you’d like to say? As a geoscientist, I also have to point out that while, yes, there have been past periods with increases in greenhouse gases that have caused OA and warming, the rate of change we are seeing today is completely unprecedented. And the rate of change is really the issue because things are happening much faster today than they would under natural settings, or even compared to settings that have caused mass extinctions in the past, meaning that it is hard for organisms to adapt and respond quickly enough. This is why I think conservation palaeobiology is going to be really helpful – we can use patterns from the past to predict future patterns that will hopefully save conservationists time and allow them to allocate resources and research efforts more efficiently and effectively. It's an important and exciting time to be a conservation palaeobiologist! To learn more about Kristina, her research, and science communication/writing, please follow her website, her blog posts for Time Scavengers, and updates via Twitter. References: Barclay, K., B. Gaylord, B. Jellison, P. Shukla, E. Sanford, and L. Leighton. 2019: Variation in the effects of ocean acidification on shell growth and strength in two intertidal gastropods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 626:109–121. doi.org/10.3354/meps13056 Barclay, K. M., M. K. Gingras, S. T. Packer, and L. R. Leighton. 2020: The role of gastropod shell composition and microstructure in resisting dissolution caused by ocean acidification. Marine Environmental Research 162:105105. doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105105

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! Call for SDG 14.3.1 Indicator Data Submissions The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO would like to invite all researchers and data managers to contribute to the second global ocean acidification data collection in relation to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14.3.1 Indicator: Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations. The Indicator is a milestone in the global recognition of ocean acidification as a stressor on marine ecosystems and of the importance of observing ocean acidification for the sustainable management of ocean resources. To facilitate data submission, storage and sharing, IOC has developed an online tool: the SDG 14.3.1 Data Portal. The full text of the SDG 14.3.1 Indicator Methodology, the associated data template, the metadata template and the metadata instruction file, as well as guidance on how to upload data can be found on the SDG 14.3.1 Data Portal website: https://oa.iode.org/ Data submitted by 15. January 2021 will be included in the 2021 UN SDG Report.* *Cross posted from the OA Info Exchange Industry News OA CoP Steering Committee Member, Jim Russell (Executive Director, B.C. Shellfish Growers Association) was interviewed for CBC's On the Island radio program to discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected shellfish farmers in B.C.. Listen to the interview here: https://www.cbc.ca/listen/live-radio/1-48-on-the-island/clip/15811646-oysters-line-well-speak-bc-shellfish-growers New Paper of Interest Hare, Alex, Wiley Evans, Katie Pocock, Carrie Weekes, Iria Gimenez. 2020. Contrasting marine carbonate systems in two fjords in British Columbia, Canada: Seawater buffering capacity and the response to anthropogenic CO2 invasion. PLoS One 15(9): e0238432. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238432 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca!

Our newest Quarterly Newsletter (December, 2020) has arrived and is full of exciting announcements, including the launch of our new blog post series and interactive map of OA research and projects in Canada! Download the full PDF version (high resolution with interactive links): Page images:

http://www.bio.gc.ca/science/research-recherche/ocean/variability-variabilite/labrador/labrador-en.php

The OA CoP has released its Quarterly Newsletter (June 2020) - if you are interested in signing up to receive updates from the community please register for Team Canada at https://www.oainfoexchange.org/teams/Canada

In 2016 Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) committed to further informing Canadians on the current state of Canada's three oceans by improving Ecosystem Reporting. In support of this initiative, DFO released the first report - "State of Canada's Arctic Seas" in 2019. The full report provides a synthesis on current knowledge for the Canadian Arctic region with a focus primarily on information gathered within the past five years. The report combines invaluable Inuit knowledge assessments as well as information from scientific research programs. Melt ponds on first year sea ice near Resolute, Nunavut. Photo courtesy of Brent Else. The report provides context for how arctic ecosystems are currently functioning and/or changing by discussing key structuring elements of the Arctic Ocean. Neighbourhood connectivity and ecosystem variability are among the key themes presented, with specific sections focusing on co-management and coastal ecosystems. Individual case studies are used to provide theme-based examples of the current status of various ecosystems. The report's key messages identify a new baseline understanding of current ecosystem responses to changes in sea-ice conditions in the Canadian Arctic region. A full version of the report may be found using the link below.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018218303316

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Environment Laboratories in Monaco welcomed 16 participants from 16 countries on June 24-28 2019, for a training course on designing and running multi-stressor experiments. The course taught participants how to use the Multiple Environmental Driver Design Lab for Experiments (MEDDLE), produced by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group 149. MEDDLE includes a handbook, decision support tools, an experiment simulator, and video tutorials. Participants were able to use these new tools to plan their own experimental designs and research questions. An interdisciplinary lecture team, including members of the SCOR Working Group 149, led this course: Dr. Christina McGraw (University of Otago, New Zealand), Dr. Sam Dupont (University of Gothenburg, Sweden), Dr. Marcello Vichi (University of Cape Town, South Africa),  Dr. Steeve Comeau (Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, France), and Dr. Christian Pansch-Hattich (GEOMAR, Germany). More information may be found here: https://www.iaea.org/events/evt1703906

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113618304525?via%3Dihub https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/799461/acadie-nouveau-brunswick-homards-oceans-peche-chercheurs