Our newest Quarterly Newsletter (July 2022) has arrived and is full of exciting updates, including our Canada OA Project Survey, World Ocean Day, new educational resources, and much more!

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! UN OCEAN CONFERENCE, Lisbon, Portugal | 27 Jun - 1 Jul 2022: The following is cross-posted from the UN website: The Ocean Conference, co-hosted by the Governments of Kenya and Portugal, comes at a critical time as the world is seeking to address many of the deep-rooted problems of our societies laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and which will require major structural transformations and common shared solutions that are anchored in the SDGs. To mobilize action, the Conference will seek to propel much needed science-based innovative solutions aimed at starting a new chapter of global ocean action. To learn more about this conference click here! To watch live streams of the conference click here! Job Opportunity: 1) Research Scientist: OA data management and product development (University of Maryland and NCEI). Click here for more information. Ocean Festival Canada: Ocean Festival Canada is here! If you are thinking of planning an event or are curious and need more information read the following. The following information is cross-posted from the Ocean Week Canada Website: We’re not just celebrating for a week this year! In 2022, Ocean Week Canada will kick off a summer-long Ocean Festival that will lay a foundation of ocean awareness as Canada gears up to host the Fifth International Marine Protected Areas Congress (IMPAC5) in Vancouver. IMPAC5 is a global forum that brings together ocean conservation professionals and officials to inform, inspire, and act on Marine Protected Areas. Check back often to find out how to make the most of your Ocean Festival experience with updates on events, important dates, and ways to get involved. Through understanding, participating in, and celebrating marine conservation efforts, we can meet our goal of protecting 30% of Canada’s ocean waters by 2030. For more information click here! Canada's OA Projects Updates: We want to hear the great ocean acidification work you’re doing or are involved in so that we can better connect our membership and to communicate to those outside of this group. It’s important that we share so that the community's interests and needs can be better represented – so we’re excited to hear from you! It should take around 10 minutes to fill the form. Click here to fill out the form! In the News: Title: VIRUSES COULD HELP THE OCEAN CAPTURE MORE CARBON, RESEARCHERS SAY Source: The Weather Network To read the article click here! Paper of Interest: Check out the new paper scientific paper which inspired the above article! Dominguez-Huerta, G., Zayed, A. A., Wainaina, J. M., Guo, J., Tian, F., Pratama, A. A., Bolduc, B., Mohssen, M., Zablocki, O., Pelletier, E., Delage, E., Alberti, A., Aury, J.-M., Carradec, Q., da Silva, C., Labadie, K., Poulain, J., Bowler, C., Eveillard, D., … Sullivan, M. B. (2022). Diversity and ecological footprint of global ocean RNA viruses. Science, 376(6598), 1202–1208. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn6358 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca

The summer solstice, June 21st (today), marks National Indigenous Peoples Day. This day is a wonderful chance to further your education and celebrate the rich cultures of Indigenous peoples from coast to coast to coast. The OA CoP has collected a list of resources, events, and articles to assist our members in their own further education on these topics. What is National Indigenous Peoples Day? Read this Government of Canada article for a quick synopsis of what today is all about. Click here to view. To participate in some of the many virtual and in-person events hosted by the Summer Solstice Indigenous Festival click here! Attend the Indigenous Voice Awards and see the work of 23 Indigenous writers highlighted in this online event. Click here to register. This Indigenous author's reading lists from the Government of Canada, allow readers of all ages to explore the stories of Indigenous peoples. Click here to choose a list. Read this blog post about Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) by clicking here! Or read this quick webpage about TEK and how it can be implemented (click here). Check out this article published in Frontiers in Marine Science highlighting TEK and initiatives that are occurring in Canadian waters. (Click here!) If you are an educator and are looking for ways to bring reconciliation into your classroom, the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society has created resources for students of all ages on their website here. A number of free activities and workshops will be available both in-person and online from the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity. Check out the schedule on their website here! On the first annual Truth and Reconciliation Day, the OA CoP posted a list of resources with the purpose of providing our members the opportunity to further their education in understanding the difficult past that we all share. If you did not have the chance to look at this list before, we encourage you to explore it now by viewing the post here! If you are looking for an in-person event in your community, try browsing through this complete list of events from the government of Canada. Click here to view the list. If you have any resources which you think would be helpful to further this list, please leave them in the comments below!

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! Canada's OA Projects Updates: We want to hear the great ocean acidification work you’re doing or are involved in so that we can better connect our membership and to communicate to those outside of this group. It’s important that we share so that the community's interests and needs can be better represented – so we’re excited to hear from you! It should take around 10 minutes to fill the form. Click here to fill out the form! North American OA Job Opportunities: NOAA PMEL Carbon Group searches for a steward of ocean climate records. To read more click here! Ebb Carbon has many career opportunities. To view them click here. The University of Miami is looking for an Assistant Scientist. To see the job posting click here. World Ocean Day: New Educational Resource The OA CoP released a new educational resource on June 8th (World Oceans Day). This educational video shows how to make hamade pH test strips and is accompanied by a teaching resource. To view the new educational resource on our website click here and find it under the Public and Educators section. Ocean Festival Canada: Ocean Festival Canada is here! If you are thinking of planning an event or are curious to see more information read the following. The following information is cross-posted from the Ocean Week Canada Website: We’re not just celebrating for a week this year! In 2022, Ocean Week Canada will kick off a summer-long Ocean Festival that will lay a foundation of ocean awareness as Canada gears up to host the Fifth International Marine Protected Areas Congress (IMPAC5) in Vancouver. IMPAC5 is a global forum that brings together ocean conservation professionals and officials to inform, inspire, and act on Marine Protected Areas. Check back often to find out how to make the most of your Ocean Festival experience with updates on events, important dates, and ways to get involved. Through understanding, participating in, and celebrating marine conservation efforts, we can meet our goal of protecting 30% of Canada’s ocean waters by 2030. For more information click here! Dive Deeper Sustainable Oceans Conference: The following is cross-posted from the meeting website This conference will take place virtually and in-person in the McInnes Room on the second floor of the Dalhousie Student Union Building at 6136 University Avenue. At the time of registration, please choose whether you will be attending online or in-person (this can be changed up to a week before the event). The conference will begin on Friday September 23rd from 6pm - 9:30pm and continue on Saturday September 24th from 8:30am - 5:30pm. This year's theme is Dive Deeper. We will be exploring complex topics of ocean conservation and sustainability, by navigating below the surface of current marine issues. This conference will achieve diversity through depth by showcasing the research and interdisciplinary talents of the 2021-2022 MMM Cohort. We will dive deeper into the work of others in the local, national, and international community. For more information click here. In the News: Title: What is Ocean Acidification Source: IAEA To read the article click here! New Paper of Interest: Check out this new paper Pilcher, D. J., Cross, J. N., Hermann, A. J., Kearney, K. A., Cheng, W., & Mathis, J. T. (2022). Dynamically downscaled projections of ocean acidification for the Bering Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 198, 105055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2022.105055 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! Canada's OA Projects Updates: We want to hear the great ocean acidification work you’re doing or are involved in, so that we can better connect our membership and to communicate to those outside of this group. It’s important that we share, so that the community interests and needs can be better represented – so we’re excited to hear from you! It should take around 10 minutes to fill the form. Click here to fill out the form! World Ocean Day: New Educational Resource The OA CoP released a new educational resource on June 8th (World Oceans Day). This educational video shows how to make hamade pH test strips and is accompanied by a teaching resource. To view the new educational resource on our website click here and find it under the Public and Educators section. Ocean Festival Canada: Ocean Festival Canada is here! If you are thinking of planning an event or are curious to see more information read the following. The following information is cross-posted from the Ocean Week Canada Website. We’re not just celebrating for a week this year! In 2022, Ocean Week Canada will kick off a summer-long Ocean Festival that will lay a foundation of ocean awareness as Canada gears up to host the Fifth International Marine Protected Areas Congress (IMPAC5) in Vancouver. IMPAC5 is a global forum that brings together ocean conservation professionals and officials to inform, inspire, and act on Marine Protected Areas. Check back often to find out how to make the most of your Ocean Festival experience with updates on events, important dates, and ways to get involved. Through understanding, participating in, and celebrating marine conservation efforts, we can meet our goal of protecting 30% of Canada’s ocean waters by 2030. For more information click here! Dive Deeper Sustainable Oceans Conference: The following is cross-posted from the meeting website This conference will take place virtually and in-person in the McInnes Room on the second floor of the Dalhousie Student Union Building at 6136 University Avenue. At the time of registration, please choose whether you will be attending online or in-person (this can be changed up to a week before the event). The conference will begin on Friday September 23rd from 6pm - 9:30pm and continue on Saturday September 24th from 8:30am - 5:30pm. This year's theme is Dive Deeper. We will be exploring complex topics of ocean conservation and sustainability, by navigating below the surface of current marine issues. This conference will achieve diversity through depth by showcasing the research and interdisciplinary talents of the 2021-2022 MMM Cohort. We will dive deeper into the work of others in the local, national, and international community. For more information click here. 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: Early Registration Deadline; June 13th (Today). The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management., For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! In the News: Title: World Oceans Day 2022: Theme, history, importance Source: The Federal To read the article click here! New Paper of Interest: Siegel, K., Kaur, M., Grigal, A. C., Metzler, R., & Dickinson, G. (2022). Meta-analysis suggests variable, but PCO2-specific, effects of ocean acidification on crustacean biomaterials. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.164370924.40403866/v1

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! Canada's OA Projects Updates: We want to hear the great ocean acidification work you’re doing or are involved in, so that we can better connect our membership and to communicate to those outside of this group. It’s important that we share, so that the community interests and needs can be better represented – so we’re excited to hear from you! It should take around 10 minutes to fill the form. Click here to fill out the form! World Ocean Day: June 8th is world oceans day, make sure you done miss out on the festivities and events including a new educational resource from the OA CoP The following information is cross posted from the World Ocean Day Website: On World Ocean Day, people everywhere can unite to celebrate and take action for our shared blue planet, with one ocean and one climate, which connect us all. Get together with your family, community, and /or your company, and join with millions of others around our blue planet to create a better future. By working together, we can -- and will -- protect and restore our shared ocean and climate. Join this growing global celebration in June and continue to grow the engagement year-round! Stay tuned for a new OA CoP educational resource, which will be released on world oceans day! Ocean Week Canada: Ocean Week Canada is here! If you are thinking of planning an event or are curious to see more information read the following. The following information is cross posted from the Ocean Week Canada Website. From June 3 to 12, 2022, we’ll be celebrating Ocean Week Canada! It’s an annual national celebration of ocean events, learning, and engagement held during the week of World Ocean Day (June 8). Through these events and learning activities, we’re recognizing the important role the ocean plays in our everyday lives and how local waterways connect us all with the ocean. Help us raise public awareness and celebrate this connection to coastal areas, the ocean, and watersheds in Canada. Together, we can inspire action to ensure a healthy ocean for future generations. For more information click here! New in the Blog: 1. Meet one of Canada's most rapidly expanding invasive species: the European green crab. But how do these creatures stack up against ocean acidification? Read our new blog post "Meet the Critters: The European Green Crab" by clicking here! 2. Did you miss our interview with Dr Wiley Evans about his recent paper Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry? You can read it now by clicking here. Green Crab Meet the Critters 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: Early Registration Deadline; June 13th. The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management., For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! Job Opportunities: The following information is cross posted from their respective job advertisements: 1. Announcing a job opportunity with the Moored Carbon Group at the University of Washington/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). The position is based at PMEL. This opportunity is intended for a relatively advanced research scientist and will include supervisory duties. Details can be found here. 2. The National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS), National Center for Environmental Information, is recruiting for the following position with one (1) opening located in Asheville, NC. Details can be found here. In the News: Title: Scientists send glider drone into Gulf of Alaska to learn more about ocean's CO2 levels Source: CBC To read the article click here! New Paper of Interest: Taucher, J., Bach, L.T., Prowe, A.E.F. et al. Enhanced silica export in a future ocean triggers global diatom decline. Nature605, 696–700 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04687-0 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.c

Critter Fun Facts: European green crabs are native to coastal Europe and were introduced to the North American Coast at some point in the 1800's by travelling in the ballast water of ships from Europe. After this time, they began expanding their range on both the east and west coast of North America's east. As green crabs expand their range, they began to bring destruction to more and more local ecosystems. For example when introduced to an eelgrass ecosystem, they destroy eelgrass beds, which support socially, economically and ecologically important species like Pacific salmon and other young fish and invertebrates. Additionally, green crabs are very efficient at opening bivalve shells, creating strong competitive pressure on any native crabs and other native predators of mollusks. Often, green crabs outcompete native species due to their aggressive nature, resulting in negative ecological impacts. European green crabs have been seen along the coast of British Columbia's lower mainland, as well as across the Atlantic coast of Canada, and are predicted to continue spreading along the coasts due to their long planktonic larval stage. Green crabs spend 50-80 days in this planktonic larval state, giving them the ability to drift in ocean currents and populate new areas of the North American coastline unreachable to their adult forms. Additionally, adult green crabs can spend up to a week out of water, which provides time for them to be transported in boats, buckets, and fishing equipment. Economic: European green crabs threaten economically important shellfish species through predation. There can also be a negative effect on the catch of native crabs and lobsters due to competitive pressure. OA Impact: OA has a negative impact on the physiological health of this species when evaluating their ammonia levels, which can lead to higher stress. Diet: The diet of green crabs varies throughout their 3 life stages. Planktonic larva are filter feeders, juveniles feed on detritus on the ocean floor, and the adult stage has a wide array of food items including: bivalves, snails, copepods, other crab species, other green crabs, marine worms, other small crustaceans, and many more. Green crabs are scavengers and have the ability to eat many animals but studies have show that their preferred prey are mollusks. Habitat: Another name for the green crab is the "green shore crab" because of its habitat in near shore shallow waters. Due to their ability to withstand wide ranges of salinity and water temperatures, green crabs have a large geographic range and spread quickly. They can live in a multitude of substrates including rocky, sandy, marshy, eelgrass beds, and muddy bottoms. Green crabs can spend extended periods of time out of water and can often be found hiding in rocks or manmade items that are left near the shoreline. Geographic Distribution: The European Green Crab is originally from Europe and North Africa, later unintentionally transported to North America via ships in the 1800's. Since this time the North American green crab population has continued to expand now reaching from Virginia to Newfoundland on the east coast and from California to British Columbia on the west coast. To see an approximation of the green crabs North American distribution in Canada click here. Linnaean Classification: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Superclass: Multicrustacea Class: Malacostraca Subclass: Eumalacostraca Superorder: Eucarida Order: Decapoda Suborder: Pleocyemata Infraorder: Brachyura Section: Eubrachyura Subsection: Heterotremata Superfamily: Portunoidea Family: Carcinidae Subfamily: Carcininae Genus: Carcinus Species: maenas Etymology: The word Carcinus is derived from cancer = crab, the word maenas = A small sea-fish Common Names: North Atlantic shore crab, harbour crab, green shore crab, green crab, European shore-crab, and common shore crab

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! New infographic from the OA Alliance: What Can You Do To Help Mitigate & Address Climate-Ocean Change The following is cross posted from the OAIE: We all have a role to play to increase ambition for climate action and ensure the resilience of marine and coastal communities. Learn more about individual actions that, taken collectively, will turn tide of climate impacts on our ocean. Download the OA Alliance's new infographic to share with your colleagues, friends and networks! To read the original post and to see the new infographic click here. New in the Blog: Did you miss our interview with Dr Wiley Evans about his recent paper Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry? You can read it now by clicking here. New Information Page: Check out the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutions new page about ocean alkalinity by clicking here! Ocean Week Canada: Ocean Week Canada is Fast Approaching! If you are thinking of planning an event or are curious to know see the information below. The following information is cross posted from the Ocean Week Canada Website. From June 3 to 12, 2022, we’ll be celebrating Ocean Week Canada! It’s an annual national celebration of ocean events, learning, and engagement held during the week of World Ocean Day (June 8). Through these events and learning activities, we’re recognizing the important role the ocean plays in our everyday lives and how local waterways connect us all with the ocean. Help us raise public awareness and celebrate this connection to coastal areas, the ocean, and watersheds in Canada. Together, we can inspire action to ensure a healthy ocean for future generations. For more information click here! 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: Early Registration Deadline; June 13th. The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management., For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! In the News: Title: World’s First CO2 Removal Plant From Ocean Launched By Heimdal Source: carbonherald.com To read the article click here! New Paper of Interest: Wolfram, U., Peña Fernández, M., McPhee, S. et al. Multiscale mechanical consequences of ocean acidification for cold-water corals. Sci Rep12, 8052 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11266-w Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca

Very little is known about the chemical oceanography in many regions of the Pacific coast of Canada. A few records in the Salish Sea existed, as well as records from an old NOAA mooring in Alaska (removed in 2016); however, these records give only a limited perspective of what conditions look like in simple parameters like temperature, salinity, CO2, and O2. The groundbreaking 2022 paper Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry is an observational study which allows us to view these parameters, and our North American Pacific coast like never before. This cutting edge 2-year project details how these parameters change along 1600km of coastline at high temporal resolution through the installation of equipment on the Alaska ferry the MV Columbia. Dr Wiley Evans, the lead author of this paper, leads the Ocean Acidification program at the Hakai institute. His schooling and career have allowed him to study in many regions across the west coast of North America. He did not begin his career with a focus on Ocean Acidification; it was not until his post doc at the University of Alaska Fairbanks that he began his journey into the world of OA. He continued this focus during his time working at the NOAA Marine Pacific Environmental Lab in Seattle, before moving to the Haikai Institute where he works today. The ideas for this project started simply with some local interest in one of Wiley’s previous projects in Prince William Sound while at the Pacific Marine Environmental Lab. Wiley explains, “Since part of my background is in underway CO2 measurements, we were interested in installing an instrument onto a tour vessel operated by Major Marine Tours. When we began this earlier project, which involved gliders and other sensors, it drew attention in Alaska because of how involved it was.” A colleague of Wiley’s from the Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center thought that projects like this could and should happen on Alaska Ferries. They thought that a project like this could mutually benefit from growing alongside the Alaska OA Network, which was still quite young at the time. The Alaska Department of Transportation agreed to install the project's instrumentation on their flagship vessel, the M/V Columbia, which runs a 1600 km transit from Bellingham WA in the Salish Sea to southeast Alaska (the latitudes that the transit runs through are represented in the image below). “This research could not have been accomplished alone, teamwork drove the project at every stage.” After 2 years of planning, preparing, and installing, the M/V Columbia began its 2-year task of collecting data along its transit of the Pacific Coast, taking measurements every 2 minutes, with the same locations sampled every 3 days to a week depending on their position along the transit. This project presented unique challenges to Wiley and his fellow researchers because the M/V Columbia is a working vessel. This means that the time that the research team has to service the equipment is limited. “Scheduling was key to ensuring this project was realized.” Wiley says, “This research could not have been accomplished alone, teamwork drove the project at every stage.” When asked what scientific question drove the beginning of this research, Wiley explained, “We wanted to understand how ocean conditions varied and what this may mean for marine life.” This research produced many insights into how oceanic conditions on the coast vary. The observations taken from the M/V Columbia show that the seasonal amplitude (the change of the factors over the course of a year) was the dominant signal. This pattern varied along the coast because of the effects of freshwater inputs, from rivers mouths; net community production, which is is the difference between O2 produced by primary producers (or CO2 drawdown) minus O2 respired (or CO2 produced) by consumers, i.e. the community metabolism.; and vertical mixing in the water column. Some regions undergo nearly constant vertical mixing, such as the Johnstone Strait along the northeast coast of Vancouver Island, which has narrow passages with a strong tidal current. The mixing keeps waters in these areas cold and salty for most of the year and creates a seasonal amplitude that is quite low. Seasonal changes are so dominant that even these areas with intense vertical mixing have a detectable seasonal signal. Areas with the largest seasonal variation are found outside of these mixing zones; an example of one of these areas is the Salish Sea in Southern BC. Low mixing in these regions create conditions for plenty of community production (increasing oxygen and drawing down more CO2). This production creates periods of CO2 drawdown which, in turn, increases the seasonal variability. “Studies like this will help to inform about which areas of the coast can provide the best information" Another factor Wiley and his team considered in this research is the extremes of the conditions (for example: when pH is at its highest/lowest value) that were measured and the seasonal timing of these extremes. Not all extremes are in the same direction (high or low) for the same factors at the same time of year. In areas with more mixing, like the Johnstone Strait, extremes occur at the same time of the year (in the fall). However, in some areas extremes do not occur during the same season, for example in the Lynn Canal located in southeast Alaska and the waters around Juneau. These areas have a large meltwater signal, which results in the largest declines of salinity of the entire transit. The melt water in this region has unique properties because it is exceptionally cold, maintains high pH conditions (non-acidic), and is undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere in pCO2. Despite these factors, this meltwater is corrosive for aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate used by some shell producers; this corrosiveness represents a decoupling of the CO2 system because the pCO2 is also low when it would usually be high in seawater corrosive to aragonite. This is very unusual in most coastal settings. The study detailed how these extremes differ between parameters and different timings across the transit of the MV Columbia. “Studies like this will help to inform about which areas of the coast can provide the best information when thinking about the future of oceanographic observation along any coastline. Coastal waters are notorious for being highly variable and, because of this variability, it takes a long time to see any trends in the data. When you look at coastal waters on temporal and spatial scales that we did, you can see that this is not always the case. In some instances, we can select certain areas where there is less variability throughout the year and therefore less time needed to resolve trends in the data. If the goal of the future of the observing network is to observe long term change, then identifying these areas of low variability can give the future observing network a much better shot at seeing a signal in the observations within a reasonable amount of time. The realization of achieving observational goals in specific regions can be greatly aided by this type of research, through the identification of ideal locations for observation.” “...it has taken 250 years for the acidity to go up 40% and these calculations predict that it will increase 17% more in just 13 years; that is an enormous change." Tracking human or anthropogenic CO2 emissions inclusion into the marine environment is vital to the future of marine research and modeling. This paper estimated the amount of anthropogenic CO2 that was found in the waters along the transect. Through the use of observational data to estimate the first time-period the waters along the transit experienced undersaturation of aragonite.. The results of these estimates confirmed similar work that was done at the Hakai Institute’s Quadra Island Field Station in 2019, which found that undersaturation of aragonite (marine conditions became corrosive for aragonite) occurred for the first time around 1950 during the winter season in the Salish Sea. What was new in this study was the ability to look at how conditions have evolved over the entire transit. This showed that the coast is extremely variable in its susceptibility to undersaturation. Some areas like southeast Alaska did not become undersaturated during winter until the late 2000’s. The data from this study was used to calculate how hydrogen ions, saturation state, and pH have changed from the industrial revolution to the present and projected the conditions to 2035; This is the year that the earth is predicted to reach its 1.5°C thresholds given consistently high CO2 emissions and presented in this study as the 1.5°C acidification level. What was found from these calculations was that, on average, this area of the coastline has seen a 40% increase in acidity since the beginning of the industrial era, which is 10% higher than the global average of a 30% increase (there is variation along the transit because of the factors that we discussed above). Looking forward to the 1.5°C acidification level we could see another increase of 17% on average in this region. “To put this in perspective it has taken 250 years for the acidity to go up 40% and these calculations predict that it will increase 17% more in just 13 years; that is an enormous change. We do have to keep in mind that these are just estimates and continued monitoring will determine if these estimates are realized.” “These data have taken a lot of coordination and work to collect, but I think that these types of projects are very important to the future of global carbon research. We provided these data to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas, which is a global compilation of underway CO2 measurements. Data from researchers around the world are provided to the Atlas which in turn supports global projects like the creation of the annual Global Carbon Budget. It is a huge and very important piece of work, which has very few Canadian contributions.” The next steps of this research are already underway and there is a want for it from members of the Alaskan community, who are voicing their interest in seeing the ferry running again, as there is potential the vessel may run again in late spring/early summer 2023. Additionally, a partnership with Seaspan was formed to outfit a tugboat which services Khidmat, Stewart, Haida Gwaii, Masset Inlet, Zeballos, around Vancouver Island, and into Vancouver itself, with a CO2 instrument package. The tugboat will allow for measurements over a large spatial scale, as well as add winter observations from these locations. “Growing the winter observation data set is important; we were fortunate with the winter data that was collected from Columbia.” “When looking to the future, this type of work is incredibly important. Especially as we start to consider how we are going to use the oceans as part of the solution to climate mitigation”, says Wiley. He encourages the Canadian research community and the Government of Canada to expand these types of projects by outfitting more ships and other platforms with these types of instruments. Data like these with high spatial and temporal resolution will be needed from all 3 Canadian oceans to properly inform future decisions. Read Evans et al., 2022, here: Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry Citation: Evans, W., Lebon, G. T., Harrington, C. D., Takeshita, Y., and Bidlack, A.: Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry, Biogeosciences, 19, 1277–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022, 2022. Acknowledgements: Thanks to Wiley Evans for his virtual “in-person” interview

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! Job Opportunities: 1. Director, Ocean Visions - UN Center for Ocean-Climate Solutions and Innovation The following is crossposted from the OAIE: We’re seeking a director for the new Ocean Visions – UN Center for Ocean-Climate Solutions & Innovation. Jointly launched by Ocean Visions, Georgia Tech, and Georgia Aquarium, the OV-UN Center is a designated Decade Collaborative Center under the UN Decade of Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development. The primary focus of the Center is leading and supporting processes to co-design, develop, test, and ultimately deploy global-scale and equitable ocean-based solutions to mitigate and reverse the effects of climate change. The Director will develop, lead, and support the Center and all of its responsibilities under the Center’s establishing mandate. For more information click here. 2. Ocean Networks Canada: The following is cross-posted from Twitter: ONC is seeking a Senior Communications Officer to strategically create, deliver & elevate high-impact outreach initiatives to support Canada’s national ocean observatory. Closes 24 May. For more information or to submit an application click here. 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: Early Registration Deadline; June 13th. The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management., For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! New Paper of Interest: Wright-LaGreca, M., Mackenzie, C. & Green, T.J. Ocean Acidification Alters Developmental Timing and Gene Expression of Ion Transport Proteins During Larval Development in Resilient and Susceptible Lineages of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Mar Biotechnol24, 116–124 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-022-10090-7 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! New in the Blog: We interviewed Meghan Zulian, a Ph.D. candidate in the Ocean Climate lab at UC Davis & Bodega Marine Lab in California, for our latest edition to the "Scientist Spotlight" blog series. Meghan speaks about her current and past research and the lessons that she has learned about the science-policy interface. Her research interests encompass the impacts of changing oceans on ecologically, culturally, and economically important shellfish. To read the post click here. Job Opportunity: Ocean Networks Canada: The following is cross-posted from Twitter: ONC is seeking a Senior Communications Officer to strategically create, deliver & elevate high-impact outreach initiatives to support Canada’s national ocean observatory. Closes 24 May. For more information or to submit an application click here. Ocean Week Canada: Ocean Week Canada is Fast Approaching! If you are thinking of planning an event or are curious to know see the information below. The following information is cross posted from the Ocean Week Canada Website. From June 3 to 12, 2022, we’ll be celebrating Ocean Week Canada! It’s an annual national celebration of ocean events, learning, and engagement held during the week of World Ocean Day (June 8). Through these events and learning activities, we’re recognizing the important role the ocean plays in our everyday lives and how local waterways connect us all with the ocean. Help us raise public awareness and celebrate this connection to coastal areas, the ocean, and watersheds in Canada. Together, we can inspire action to ensure a healthy ocean for future generations. For more information click here! 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: Early Registration Deadline; June 3rd. The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management., For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! Arctic Net Annual Sciences Meeting Call for Proposals: Proposal submission deadline May 15th. The following is cross-posted from the ArcticNet Website: ArcticNet is looking forward to bringing the Arctic research community together once again for the Annual Scientific Meeting 2022. We hope to host this meeting in person in Toronto this year, respecting all public health guidelines as they evolve. When: December 5-8, 2022 Where: The Beanfield Centre Click here to visit the ArcticNet website for more information. New Podcast from NOAA: Adapting to the Future: Two NOAA Scientists Discuss New Global Report on Climate Change Listen to the podcast here. New Paper of Interest: New paper that uses machine learning to study acidification in the Arctic ocean. Krasting, J.P., De Palma, M., Sonnewald, M. et al. Regional sensitivity patterns of Arctic Ocean acidification revealed with machine learning. Commun Earth Environ3, 91 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00419-4 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca

Meghan Zulian is a Ph.D. candidate in the Ocean Climate lab at UC Davis & Bodega Marine Lab in California. Her research interests encompass the impacts of changing oceans on ecologically, culturally, and economically important shellfish. Meghan holds the positions of Secretary for the communication and engagement team for the ecological society of America and the Undergraduate Lead Mentor for The Coastal and Marine Science Institute. Meghan has always been interested in climate science and mitigation. During her early years she aspired to study carbon sequestration/mitigation or ecotoxicology . While attending Queen's University in Kingston for her bachelor’s degree, her professors and mentors helped her to realize that she did not want everything in her career to be “cleaning up environmental messes”, she realized that she had a greater interest in the curiosity and question driven side of science and decided to pivot further into research. This realization and pivot led to her master’s research at the University of Toronto where she began to study coralline red algae in the Canadian Arctic. When these coralline algae grow, they produce summer and winter “growth rings” (like trees!) which reflect how long sea ice covered the area (larger ring=more growth=less sea ice/more sunlight). Since these algae are so old (the oldest known is 650 years old), they can inform us about sea ice cover and seawater chemistry from the past (called proxy data)! These arctic proxies are important as there have not been seawater chemistry measurements under sea ice for most of recorded history. Currently not a lot is known about OA in these sea ice covered areas, we do not know if sea ice buffers the system from OA, negatively impacts it, or even influences it at all! This is an exciting area of current research that is being developed as more work is done in these systems. After receiving her Masters, Meghan moved into her current position as a PhD candidate at the University of California Davis (UC Davis), where she studies in the lab of Prof. Tessa Hill. Part of Meghan’s motivation to pursue her work at UC Davis is to study the unique way that universities and governments in California have integrated science with policy. California's environmental policy is a world leader in respect to how it is funded and conducted. With Sacramento (the state capital) only 25km away from UC Davis, it is easier to form science-policy collaborations . This relationship has allowed for research to be integrated into policy decisions such as: fisheries and water quality criteria, management, and monitoring networks. Meghan says that both observing and being a part of this process, which is happening on the science-policy interface, provides invaluable experience for her career. She hopes to be a part of similar efforts on the Canadian west coast, where the relationship between science and policy seems fragmented, even within institutions. “We need to pop our little research bubbles.” One body that is used to create the correct conditions for these collaborative relationships are “Boundary Organizations”. These organizations lie at the overlap of science and policy. Boundary organizations work most effectively if they are discrete entities that interface with governments, with independent funding (i.e. an agency which specializes in creating relationships and collaborations). NGO’s can also create large and very beneficial impacts within specific regions bringing groups together. However, when faced with cross border collaborations (state-state, province-province, state-province, country-country), government boundary organizations or collaboratives can create the greatest impact as other groups may facilitate successful collaborations but can become stuck if they cannot implement new policy. Meghan highlighted an example of a successful boundary organization: The California Ocean Science Trust. This organization convenes panels of scientists to speak about specific scientific issues and convey the information to the relevant policy/decision makers. These organizations ease the workload typically given to academics to have their findings heard. These organizations achieve this through actively creating avenues through which research and information reaches the relevant audience. It is within Canada’s capacity to develop boundary organizations, but as of right now no government run organizations exist. Meghan hopes the lessons that the USA has taught us about boundary organizations can be combined with the numerous community science efforts in Canada to establish Canadian ocean acidification and marine research as a world leader in these fields. "It impacts our climate, it impacts the weather we enjoy, it impacts the weather we don’t enjoy. It will impact every aspect of how we live either directly or indirectly." When asked What is one factoid you wish that every Canadian knew about ocean acidification? Meghan Replied: “I want them to know that it’s more than an impact on just a handful of organisms”. Sometimes people think that OA only affects a few organisms which "I don’t care about" because I don’t eat them, but this is not true. This is a problem which affects the global carbon cycle which in turn creates irreversible change for entire ecosystems. It impacts our climate, it impacts the weather we enjoy, it impacts the weather we don’t enjoy. It will impact every aspect of how we live either directly or indirectly.” When discussing these problems, it is a delicate balance: do we want to show people what is easy to understand, but does not convey the gravity of the situation (like just a handful of creatures impacted by OA), or do we attempt to show the large problem and all its complexities as a whole? “I would love to see more collaboration between Canadian and American institutions” says Meghan, “We need to pop our little research bubbles”. The future of OA science, policy, and the collaborations between them are exciting and growing fields which should be paid attention to. Today careers are created which work on the interface between science and policy which work with communities and resource managers to develop solutions. This work is essential to the many communities whose economies depend on the ocean and is only becoming more essential as impacts are only increasing. Acknowledgements: Thanks to Meghan Zulian for her virtual “in-person” interview