Our newest Quarterly Newsletter (October 2022) has arrived and is full of exciting updates, including our endorsement as a UN Decade project under the OARS Programme, our presentation at the 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD, new social media initiatives, and much more! We are happy to announce our Quarterly Newsletter is now available in both English (Top) and French (Bottom)

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! The OA CoP at the 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: The Canadian OA CoP attended this symposium and select side meetings. We gave an oral presentation about the activities of the OA CoP, how we formed, and the current projects we are undertaking. The conference was full of other wonderful presentations, posters, and plenaries (which can be seen on the High CO2 YouTube channel here). At the symposium, we attended the official GOA-ON side meeting: OCEAN ACIDIFICATION GOA-ON REGIONAL HUB COORDINATION WORKSHOP. In this meeting, we saw updates from all the GOA-ON Hubs and had the opportunity to discuss all of the wonderful resources that are offered through this organization. We encourage all of our members to join whichever GOA-ON Regional Hubs which is most relevant to them (Canada is included in both the North American Hub and the Arctic Hub). To learn more about GOA-ON please visit their website by clicking here! We also attended the side meeting: FROM KNOWLEDGE TO ACTION: COMMUNICATING OA SCIENCE TO POLICY MAKERS run by the OA Alliance and Ocean Foundation. This meeting saw discussions between international participants with the goal of identifying major steps that can be taken at the science-policy interface. To guide these discussions this workshop featured presentations from experts in the field, such as Jessie Turner Director of the OA Alliance, who gave insights into how this organization delivers projects on the science-policy interface. To learn more about these organizations we encourage you to visit the website for the OA Alliance here and the Ocean Foundation here. To see pictures from the conference scroll through our Twitter page here! Also, check out some of the trending hashtags from the conference while you are there! North American Job opportunities: 1) 3 Positions at NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory in Miami are available: Postdoctoral Associate – Global Plankton Biodiversity Monitoring with Bio-GO-SHIP and MBON Postdoctoral Associate – The Biological Carbon Pump in the Gulf of Mexico Research Program Manager – HPC-powered Bioinformatics on NOAA Supercomputers Please follow the link here for further information. 2) Research Scientist position with the PMEL Carbon Program in Seattle: This employee will be responsible for collecting, compiling, analyzing, distributing and archiving data generated in the laboratory and at sea from discrete and continuous sampling instruments in support of ocean acidification and ocean carbon cycle research conducted by CICOES and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This CICOES/UW employee will work within the Carbon Dioxide Program at NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory performing cutting-edge research on anthropogenic impacts on the marine carbon cycle, with a focus on ocean acidification studies. Please follow the link here for further information. What is the EPA (USA) doing to Address Ocean and Coastal Acidification: Canada shares our global and regional ocean and multiple coastlines with the USA, what happens to the waters in one country will directly impact what happens in the other. Due to this fact it is important to keep tabs on what is happening with our neighbors to the south! The link here breaks down how the United States EPA is handling OA. New in the CoP: The OA CoP has begun #ResearchThursday every other Thursday we want to feature the story of your research through the pictures that document it. Every other Thursday we will post a new research picture to highlight all of the cool OA projects happening across Canada. If you are interested in featuring your work click here. To see our first #ResearchThursday post on Twitter click here! To see our first #ResearchThursday post on Instagram click here! In the News: Title: B.C. municipalities want action on cargo and cruise ship pollution Source: North Shore News New Paper of Interest: Cristina Romera-Castillo et al, Abiotic plastic leaching contributes to ocean acidification, Science of The Total Environment (2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158683 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca

The Ocean Acidification Canadian Community of Practice is a countrywide cohesion grown out of the cooperation of groups and individuals. Indigenous communities are an important part of the OA community having lived with and observed coastal systems for generations. Tomorrow is the second annual Truth and Reconciliation day, which is a day put aside to commemorate the children who died in residential schools, survivors and families that are still being impacted by them. We as a community would like to share educational resources to assist our community in understanding the difficult past that we all share with hopes of moving forward in a future of equality and kindness. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action Events and other important resources: 1) Visit websites like "Marine Plan Partnership for the North Pacific Coast (MaPP)" to see what ocean projects are underway in partnership with indigenous communities http://mappocean.org/ 2)Visit the Tamarack Community Website for resources and events accross the country 3) "How to watch and listen to National Day for Truth and Reconciliation 2022 on CBC" 4) More events can be found in your area on Google Maps by search for "truth and reconciliation day events" in the google search bar (Example: https://bit.ly/3E2GZYy. Articles and Books: 1) For Natural Scientists: Towards reconciliation: 10 Calls to Action to natural scientists working in Canada by Wong et al., 2020: https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0005 2) Book for scientists/non-scientists alike: "Braiding Sweetgrass" by Robin Wall Kimmerer: https://www.robinwallkimmerer.com/books 3) For Educators: First Nations Education Steering Committee "BC First Nations Land, Title, and Governance Teacher Resource Guide" and "FNESC/FNSA Teacher Resource Guides Units, Lessons, and Activities for Blended or Remote Learning Contexts": http://www.fnesc.ca/governance-2/ For more Truth and Reconciliation resources, videos, articles, and podcasts take a look at our blog post from 2021 by following the link here: https://bit.ly/2YbxUd9

The OA CoP is happy to announce that we have been accepted to present at the "5th International Symposium on the Ocean in a High CO2 World" under theme F (currently scheduled for 13:50 - 14:10 on Thursday, September 15th. This post aims to summarize important information which will be relevant for any of our members considering attending the upcoming "5th International Symposium on the Ocean in a High CO2 World". All information that appears in this post is taken from the symposium website which can be found by clicking here or by visiting www.highco2-lima.org. Dates September 13-16th, 2022, Location UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL PEDRO RUIZ GALLO Can I attend online? Yes! All online access to plenary sessions is completely free. Full virtual registration costs $160 for a delegate, $100 USD for a graduate student, and $50 for an Undergraduate Student. To register online click here! Program To see a current program of the symposium click here! Side Meetings Various side meetings have been created to increase the discussion of symposium topics and to cover topics that the major themes of the symposium do not. Open registration and virtual participation are options for select side meetings. To view all of the side meetings topics click here! Themes The symposium will be addressing 6 major themes throughout the 3 days. These themes consist of: A- Changing carbonate chemistry in coastal to open ocean waters B-Organism response and consequences of living in a high CO2 world in a multiple stressor framework. C- Ecological effects of Ocean Acidification and stressors in a changing ocean D-Insights from natural Ocean Acidification analogues E- Ocean Acidification and society F- Global to regional policy, actions, communication, and capacity building for Ocean Acidification, e.g. research networks, communication, and outreach. (Our presentation of the OA CoP will take place under this theme, so look for us in this part of the program to attend our presentation!). We hope to see you at the conference whether it be in person or online in person or online!

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! New in the CoP: The OA CoP has begun #ResearchThursday every other Thursday we want to feature the story of your research through the pictures that document it. Every other Thursday we will post a new research picture to highlight all of the cool OA projects happening across Canada. If you are interested in featuring your work click here. To see our first #ResearchThursday post on Twitter click here! To see our first #ResearchThursday post on Instagram click here! Join the OA CoP at the: 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD (this event begins September 13th!): The OA CoP will be presenting in person at this event, book your spot at the conference online or in person today to come to say hi! The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management. For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! Who will be representing the world of OA at this event? Click here to find out. New Ocean Decade CoP Art-Science Webpage: The Ocean Decade Community of Practice has been exploring the practice of science art with the intention of inspiring future creations by the network to be showcased at the MEOPAR Annual Meeting in November, and beyond. To check out the new webpage and associated resources click here! In the News: 1) Title: UVic ocean monitoring initiative receives $115M in federal funds Source: CTVNews To read the article click here! 2) Title: Climate change predicted to reduce kelp forests’ capacity to trap and store carbon Source: EurekAlert! To read the article click here! New Paper of Interest: Song, S., Santos, I.R., Yu, H. et al. A global assessment of the mixed layer in coastal sediments and implications for carbon storage. Nat Commun13, 4903 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32650-0

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! New Ocean Decade CoP Art-Science Webpage: The Ocean Decade Community of Practice has been exploring the practice of science art with the intention of inspiring future creations by the network to be showcased at the MEOPAR Annual Meeting in November, and beyond. To check out the new webpage and associated resources click here! Job Opportunity: Title: Student Assistant Location: University of Alaska Fairbanks Job overview from posting: The Ocean Acidification Research Center in the College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences at UAF is looking for a Student Laboratory Assistant. This position must be performed in-person and offers flexible part-time hours between Monday and Friday, 8am to 5pm, making it easy to accommodate course schedules. For more information click here! Join the OA CoP at the: 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: The OA CoP will be presenting in person at this event, book your spot at the conference online or in person today to come to say hi! The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management. For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! Who will be representing the world of OA at this event? Click here to find out. Basic training course on multiple stressors and ocean acidification: Applications to this IAEA OA training course have opened! The following is cross-posted from the OA-ICC website: A basic training course on multiple stressors will be based on previous courses on ocean acidification will held as part of the activities of the IAEA Peaceful Uses Initiative project “Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre” (OA-ICC) and partners. Objectives: Human health and well-being are closely linked to the ocean and the many goods and services it provides. However, the ocean is under cumulative stress from a range of human-driven pressures. The impact of multiple ocean stressors together and their interplay on marine life and ecosystem function is not well understood, yet it is central to mitigate the negative effects they cause and/or to support adaptation strategies that might counteract stressors. To date, studies often focus on single species or groups of organisms and the influence of a single stressor, while information about ecosystem responses to multiple stressors is limited. Innovative science is needed to resolve the complexity of the interplay of stressors and the resulting impacts. The aim of this course is to train early-career scientists and researchers entering the multiple stressor field with the goal to better understand key concepts (e.g. What is a stressor? What is a mode of action? What is an interaction?), assist them to be able to measure and manipulate seawater physico-chemistry, develop relevant experimental strategies, set up pertinent experiments in the laboratory and in the field, avoid typical pitfalls and ensure comparability with other studies, in a sustainable way. Target audience: The course is open to 12 trainees. Priority will be given to early-career scientists with experience in marine environmental changes. At least one publication in the field of marine environmental changes is required. For more information click here! New Paper of Interest: Papadomanolaki, N. M., Lenstra, W. K., Wolthers, M., & Slomp, C. P. (2022). Enhanced phosphorus recycling during past oceanic anoxia amplified by low rates of Apatite Authigenesis. Science Advances, 8(26). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn2370 In the News: Title: Arctic marine researcher measures the ocean’s contribution to combating climate change Source: University of Calgary To read the article click here!

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! New in the Blog: Meet the Critters; The Atlantic Red Sea Star How will ocean acidification affect this Sea Star?? Read more by clicking here! New Ocean Decade CoP Art-Science Webpage: The Ocean Decade Community of Practice has been exploring the practice of science art with the intention of inspiring future creations by the network to be showcased at the MEOPAR Annual Meeting in November, and beyond. To check out the new webpage and associated resources click here! Join the OA CoP at the: 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: The OA CoP will be presenting in person at this event book your spot at the conference online or in person today! The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management. For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! Who will be representing the world of OA at this event? Click here to find out. New Paper of Interest: Stewart J. A., Strawson I., Kershaw J. & Robinson L. F., 2022. Stylasterid corals build aragonite skeletons in undersaturated water despite low pH at the site of calcification. Scientific Reports 12: 13105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16787-y. In the News: Title: No ‘Safe Space’ for 12 key ocean species on North American West Coast Source: McGill Reporter To read the article click here!

Critter Fun Facts: Red sea stars are considered a keystone species as they have no natural predators. They control the populations of their prey species from growing too large for the ecosystems where they are found. Like many other Echinoderms, red sea stars move with tube feet which move which are powered by a hydrostatic skeleton, which uses fluid-filled chambers to flex and move. These tube feet also help with eating, by transferring food along the underside of the sea star towards the mouth. OA Impact: Ocean Acidification reduces the growth of red sea stars, leading to an overall negative effect on this important Atlantic keystone species. Diet: Red starfish are predators and since they can't swim all of their prey lies on the seafloor, such as: mussels & bivalves, other sea stars, barnacles, snails, and when they come across dead creatures on the seafloor, they act as opportunistic scavengers. Predators: None Habitat: The red sea star's preferred habitat is on a rocky/gravel bottom, since these critters can tolerate a wide array of environmental factors they inhabit both shallow and deep water ecosystems. Geographic Distribution: The North American distribution of the red sea star ranges from Labrador south to the Gulf of Mexico on the Atlantic Coast. The red sea star has also been reported in the Arctic Ocean. To see the North American distribution on the Map of Canada's OA Resources by clicking here! The South American distribution continues the North American Atlantic distribution to Northern Brazil. These stars are also widespread across the European Atlantic coast, as well as, the Northern African Atlantic coast. Linnaean Classification: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Subphylum: Asterozoa Class: Asteroidea Subclass: Ambuloasteroidea Infraclass: Neoasteroidea Superorder: Forcipulatacea Order: Forcipulatida Family: Asteriidae Genus: Asterias Species: rubens Etymology: Asterias is Latin for stars, rubens is Latin for blushing. The name Asteria rubens translates roughly to "Blushing Stars" Common Names: common starfish, common sea star, sugar star, Atlantic red sea star If you want to see any other critters featured in this blog let us know by emailing coordinator@oceanacidification.ca! All images are from Wikimedia commons and can be found by clicking here!

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! New in the Blog: Meet the Critters; The Softshell Clam- Become acquainted with the softshell clam, an animal that is economically important and invasive in Canada. How will ocean acidification affect it? Read more by clicking here! Upcoming NECAN Webinar: The following information is crossposted from the OAIE: Dr. Aaron Strong will be presenting stakeholder outreach results from a NERACOOS project looking to improve biogeochemical forecasting models. Targeted groups included mussel growers, water quality monitoring specialists, and oyster growers who use upweller systems. Stakeholder-derived insights can suggest how models might be effectively used in the NECAN region. For more information and to sign up for the webinar see the original OAIE Post by clicking here! 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management. For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! Who will be representing the world of OA at this event? Click here to find out. July Quarterly Newsletter: Our newest Quarterly Newsletter (July 2022) has arrived and is full of exciting updates, including our Canada OA Project Survey, World Ocean Day, new educational resources, and much more! Click here to read the Newsletter. In the News: Title: As the Atlantic Ocean warms, fisheries scramble to adapt Source: CBC To read the article click here!

Critter Fun Facts: Softshell clams are common on both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Canada but are an invasive species in Canadian Pacific waters. These clams can grow up to 3 to 4 inches in length and reach a maximum of 1/4 pound (0.1kgs). If you are ever walking along a Canadian beach at low tide and something squirts you with water from the sand, this is a softshell clam! When they are disrupted, they shoot water from where they are buried through their siphon and into the air! Economic: Softshell clams and clams in general are an important part of Canada's shellfish industry. In 2020, the DFO reported that 4022 metric tonnes of clams were reported as landings from fisheries that year, which generated $121109 000. OA Impact: Negative: Sediment acidification has negative effects on burrowing. This is predicted to increase dispersal to other, potentially unfavourable habitats. However, sediment pH may influence juvenile clam abundances. However, this effect could be from sediment grain size. Future work will be needed to determine this. CO2 effects on neurophysiology (GABAA receptors) can act to mediate adaptive behaviors in juvenile marine bivalves to elevated CO2, but these behaviors may be negatively affected by elevated temperature. Diet: Softshell Clams are suspension feeders and deposit feeders (this means they will eat almost any food in the water or the surrounding substrate). Predators: Crabs, horseshoe crabs, diving ducks, and rays are all predators of adult clams. Juvenile clams have many more predators due to their small size and their planktonic form (softshell clams' adult form is buried and not buried in the substrate). Habitat: Softshell clams live in the sandy intertidal zone. Clams burrow down into the substrate, some as deep as 12 inches. Geographic Distribution: Soft shell clams are found on the East Coast and West Coasts of Canada. Click here to view the approximate distribution on the Map of OA Resources. Linnaean Classification: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Subclass: Autobranchia Infraclass: Heteroconchia Subterclass: Euheterodonta Superorder: Imparidentia Order: Myida Superfamily: Myoidea Family: Myidae Genus: Mya Species: arenaria Etymology: arenaria means sandy. Mya is probably an alteration of the Ancient Greek word for mussel. Put together the softshell clams name means something along the lines of Sandy Mussel. Common Names: steamer clam, steamer, soft-shelled clam, softshell clam, softshell, Smooth butter clam, sand gaper, Manila clam, long-necked clam, and large-neck clam.

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCEAN IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD: The following is cross-posted from the symposium website: The 5th Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World is being organized by the Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This Symposium follows the symposia in Paris in 2004, Monaco in 2008, Monterey in 2012, and Hobart in 2016, which were all key events for the international community of researchers studying ocean acidification and related stressors. The 5th symposia will maintain the traditional focus of the four previous symposia and look at ocean acidification and associated impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification will be considered in combination with other global changes such as warming and deoxygenation. The Symposium is inter-disciplinary and contributions are expected to detail advances in observations, modelling, field and laboratory studies. Dedicated sessions will emphasize processes and impacts as well as consequences for humans and their potential responses through policy and management. For more information and to register visit their website by clicking here! Who will be representing the world of OA at this event? Click here to find out. July Quarterly Newsletter: Our newest Quarterly Newsletter (July 2022) has arrived and is full of exciting updates, including our Canada OA Project Survey, World Ocean Day, new educational resources, and much more! Click here to read the Newsletter. In the News: Title: Understanding the calcium carbonate cycle in the North Pacific Source: Phys.org To read the article click here! Paper of Interest: Check out the new paper scientific paper! McLaren, E. J., & Byrne, M. (2022). The effect of ocean acidification on the escape behaviour of the Sea Star Parvulastra exigua to its Sea Star Predator Meridiastra Calcar. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 555, 151779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2022.151779 Have a news item you'd like us to feature? Email coordinator@oceanacidification.ca

Here are some of the latest happenings in the world of ocean acidification in Canada and beyond! July Quarterly Newsletter: Our newest Quarterly Newsletter (July 2022) has arrived and is full of exciting updates, including our Canada OA Project Survey, World Ocean Day, new educational resources, and much more! Click here to read the Newsletter. Job Opportunity: Research Scientist: OA data management and product development (University of Maryland and NCEI). Click here for more information. Ocean Festival Canada: Ocean Festival Canada is here! If you are thinking of planning an event or are curious and need more information read the following. The following information is cross-posted from the Ocean Week Canada Website: We’re not just celebrating for a week this year! In 2022, Ocean Week Canada will kick off a summer-long Ocean Festival that will lay a foundation of ocean awareness as Canada gears up to host the Fifth International Marine Protected Areas Congress (IMPAC5) in Vancouver. IMPAC5 is a global forum that brings together ocean conservation professionals and officials to inform, inspire, and act on Marine Protected Areas. Check back often to find out how to make the most of your Ocean Festival experience with updates on events, important dates, and ways to get involved. Through understanding, participating in, and celebrating marine conservation efforts, we can meet our goal of protecting 30% of Canada’s ocean waters by 2030. For more information click here! In the News: Title: Ocean Acidification May Drive Diatom Decline Source: Eos.org To read the article click here! Paper of Interest: Check out the new paper scientific paper! Wright, L. S., Pessarrodona, A., & Foggo, A. (2022). Climate‐driven shifts in kelp forest composition reduce carbon sequestration potential. Global Change Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16299